Canada's Senate on Thursday passed a bill designed to fast-track approvals for natural resource and infrastructure projects, including pipelines, a move that has drawn strong condemnation from Indigenous and environmental groups.

The legislation, which cleared the lower chamber last week, aims to accelerate "national interest" projects, including potential mines and oil pipelines, and reduce interprovincial trade barriers. 

Its passage marks a significant test for Prime Minister Carney, elected in April on a promise to transform Canada's economy in response to U.S. tariffs.

Critics, including eight environmental and Indigenous leaders interviewed by Reuters last week, argue that the bill threatens to undermine years of reconciliation efforts with Canada's First Peoples. 

Sara Mainville, a lawyer and former Couchiching First Nation Chief, warned that "Prime Minister Carney is likely going to be followed by an Indigenous protest if he continues on this course."

Indigenous leaders contend the bill, which includes "Henry VIII clauses" granting Cabinet power over certain laws' application to these projects, bypasses the constitutional duty to consult First Nations and denies them a meaningful voice. 

Assembly of First Nations National Chief Cindy Woodhouse Nepinak stated, "This bill represents a major threat to First Nations rights. We won't give up the fight."

Past Indigenous protests have significantly disrupted Canadian infrastructure, as seen in early 2020 when rail lines and roads were shut down over a gas pipeline dispute. 

While Carney asserts the right to consultation is enshrined in the bill, Mainville emphasizes the need for accommodation, ensuring concerns lead to tangible changes.

While the bill awaits signing by Governor General Mary Simon to become law, Abram Benedict, Ontario regional chief with the Chiefs of Ontario, who anticipates constitutional challenges to the legislation itself and specific projects, argues that Legal challenges are "definite."

Environmental advocates also voice concerns that projects may be approved without adequate risk assessment.