40 Pipeline Technology Journal - 3/2023 RESEARCH • DEVELOPMENT • TECHNOLOGY inventory volume for offshore pipelines. In some sit- uations, cost may be preferred instead of inventory volume. This particularly applicable if the oil and gas pipeline operator has a network of pipelines with dif- ferent transported fluid streams. To move with this al- ternative, the cost per unit volume should be obtained which can be multiplied to each pipeline or inventory group volume, for the purpose of obtaining an addi- tional financial consequence measure. 3. Application of Risk Assessment: Upon establishment, the risk assessment methodol- ogy has been piloted and applied for more than 400 pipelines and has led to the proactive identification, detection and repair of external SCC in more than 30 pipelines due to the following present susceptibility conditions: I. External tape wrap coating. II. High operating stress exceeding 40% of SMYS. III. High operating temperature exceeding 40°C. Such pipelines were inspected through EMAT and UTSW Inline Inspection techniques which led to de- tection and repair of 384 external SCC indications. "How to manage your pipeline risk with a practical, repeat- able and precise assessment. pipeline integrity monitoring." 4. Discussion and Conclusions: Pipelines are typically designed using different prac- tices and codes than in-plant piping. While RBI quan- titative methodologies have evolved and been applied for in-plant piping, limited or no ready methodology framework has been specified and widely used for pipelines in standardization societies. Alternatively, for pipelines, the concept of risk assessment combined References 1. ASME B31G (2012 edition), “Manual for Determining the Remaining Strength of Corroded Pipelines: Supplement to ASME B31 Code for Pressure Piping”, (New York, U.S.A.: The American Society of Mechanical Engineers). 2. DNVGL RP F101 (2017 edition), “Corroded Pipelines”, (Hovik, Norway: Det Norske Veritas). 3. API RP 580 (3rd edition; 2016), “Risk-based Inspection”, (Washington, DC, U.S.A.: American Petroleum Institute). 4. PI RP 581 (3rd edition; 2016), “Risk-Based Inspection Methodology”, (Washington, DC, U.S.A.: American Petroleum Institute). 5. ASME PCC-3 (2012 edition), “Inspection Planning Using Risk-Based Methods”, (New York, U.S.A.: The American Society of Mechanical Engineers). 6. K. Perumal, “Corrosion Risk Analysis, Risk Base Inspection and Case Study Concerning a Condensate Pipeline”, 1st International Conference on Structural Integrity, Conference Proceeding, 2014. 7. M. Zhang et al., “Application of Risk-Based Inspection Method for Gas Compressor Station”, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Vol. 842, 2017. 8. J. Selvik et al., “An Extended Methodology for Risk Based Inspection Planning”, Reliability: Theory & Applications Journal, Vo. 2, 2011. 9. API RP 1160 (3rd edition; 2019), “Managing System Integrity for Hazardous Liquid Pipelines”, (Washington, DC, U.S.A.: American Petroleum Institute). 10. ASME B31.8S (2018 edition), “Managing System Integrity of Gas Pipelines: Supplement to ASME B31 Code for Pressure Piping”, (New York, U.S.A.: The American Society of Mechanical Engineers). 11. DNVGL RP F116 (2017 edition), “Integrity Management of Submarine Pipeline Systems”, (Hovik, Norway: Det Norske Veritas). 12. PR-218-08350 (2008 edition), “Pipeline Facility Incident Data Review and Statistical Analysis”, (Houston, U.S.A.: Pipeline Research Council International). 13. API RP 1176 (1st edition; 2016), “Recommended Practice for Assessment and Management of Cracking in Pipelines”, (Washington, DC, U.S.A.: American Petroleum Institute). 14. 49 CFR 195.452 (2022 edition), “Transportation of Hazardous Liquids by Pipelines”, (Washington, DC, U.S.A.: Code of Federal Regulations). 15. ASME B31.8 (2016 edition), “Gas Transportation and Distribution Piping Systems”, (New York, U.S.A.: The American Society of Mechanical Engineers). 16. DNVGL RP F107 (2017 edition), “Risk Assessment of Pipeline Protection”, (Hovik, Norway: Det Norske Veritas). 17. ISO 15156 (4th edition, 2020), “Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries – Materials for Use in H2S Containing Environments in Oil and Gas Production”, (Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization). 18. API Publication 939-B (2002 edition), “Repair and Remediation Strategies for Equipment Operating in Wet H2S Service”, (Washington, DC, U.S.A.: American Petroleum Institute). 19. NACE Publication 8X294 (2013 edition), “Review of Published Literature on Wet H2S Cracking of Steels Through 1989”, (Houston, U.S.A.: NACE International). 20. NACE Publication 8X194 (2006 edition), “Materials and Fabrication Practices for New Pressure Vessels Used in Wet H2S Refinery Service”, (Houston, U.S.A.: NACE International). 21. NACE SP 0296 (2020 edition), “Detection, Repair and Mitigation of Cracking in Refinery Equipment in Wet H2S Environments”, (Houston, U.S.A.: NACE International). 22. NACE MR 0103 (2016 edition), “Petroleum, Petrochemical and Natural Gas Industries – Metallic Materials Resistant to Sulfide Stress Cracking in Corrosive Petroleum Refining Environments”, (Houston, U.S.A.: NACE International). 23. API RP 571 (3rd edition, 2020), “Damage Mechanisms Affecting Fixed Equipment in the Refining Industry”, (Washington, DC, U.S.A.: American Petroleum Institute). 24. NACE TM 0284 (2016 edition), “Evaluation of Pipelines and Pressure Vessel Steels for Resistance to Hydrogen- Induced Cracking”, (Houston, U.S.A.: NACE International). 25. NACE SP 0472 (2020 edition), “Methods and Controls to Prevent In-Service Environmental Cracking of Carbon Steel Weldments in Corrosive Petroleum Refining Environments”, (Houston, U.S.A.: NACE International). 26. NACE TM 0177 (2016 edition), “Laboratory Testing of Metals for Resistance to Sulfide Stress Cracking and Stress Corrosion Cracking in H2S Environments”, (Houston, U.S.A.: NACE International). 27. NACE Publication 34108 (2008 edition), “Review and Survey of Alkaline Carbonate Stress Corrosion Cracking in Refinery Sour Waters”, (Houston, U.S.A.: NACE International). 28. ASME B31.4 (2016 edition), “Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid and Slurries”, (New York, U.S.A.: The American Society of Mechanical Engineers). 29. API RP 1111 (5th edition, 2015), “Design, Construction, Operations, and Maintenance of Offshore Hydrocarbon Pipelines (Limit State Design)”, (Washington, DC, U.S.A.: American Petroleum Institute). 30. DNVGL OS F101 (2012 edition), “Submarine Pipeline Systems”, (Hovik, Norway: Det Norske Veritas). 31. API RP 1183 (1st edition, 2020), “Assessment and Management of Pipeline Dents”, (Washington, DC, U.S.A.: American Petroleum Institute).